20% of all cancers harbour a mutation in one of three RAS genes; KRAS, HRAS and NRAS. Each of these genes directs the production of a protein that naturally flexes and relaxes, on and off, thousands of times a second.
In the “on” position, it allows cells to grow, and then in the “off” setting, it stops the growth. However, when the RAS genes are mutated, the protein remains stuck in its on state, and the cell is forced to proliferate out of control, becoming a tumour.
Of the three genes, KRAS is the most notorious, as its mutant forms are commonly found in some of the deadliest cancers. KRAS mutations occur in up to 96% of pancreatic cancers, and 54% of colorectal cancers.
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